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Performance of different microalgael species in removing nickel and zinc from industrial wastewater.
Chong AM, Wong YS
Tam Chemosphere. 2000 Jul;41(1-2):251-7
Experiments were conducted to compare the ability of 11 microgaeal species in removing nickel and zinc from waste water and found them to be very effective.
Nutritional supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study.
Merchant RE; Carmack CA; Wise CM
Departments of Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA. rmerchan@hsc.vcu.edu
Phytother Res 2000 May;14(3):167-73
Each day for 2 months 20 participants consumed 10 grams (10,000 mg) of chlorella. Any amelioration of symptoms was validated and quantified using semi-objective and subjective outcome measures systematically administered at clinic visits on days 0, 30 and 60 of the diet therapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients enrolled completed the 2 month trial. After two months the average pain decrease was 22%.This decrease was statistically significant. Blood samples taken on each occasion indicated no significant alterations in serum chemistries, formed elements, and circulating lymphocyte subsets.
Inhibitory potential of Chlorella vulgaris on mouse skin papillomagenesis and xenobiotic detoxication system.
Singh A; Singh SP; Bamezai R
Anticancer Res 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):1887-91
The present study assesses the potential of Chlorella vulgaris on mouse skin cancers, and the role of xenobiotic detoxication system in modulating the cancer pattern. Topical application of chlorella during peri-, post- or peri- and post-initiational stages of cancer induction agents, significantly reduced the cancers. Chlorella treatment alone or during peri-, post- or peri- and post-initiational stages significantly elevated the sulfhydryl (-SH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels in the liver and skin tissues. The results suggest that topically applied chlorella can prevent skin cancers. The possible significance of xenobiotic detoxication system in modulating the cancer pattern is discussed.
Oral administration of a unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris, prevents stress-induced ulcer.
Tanaka K, Yamada A, Noda K, et al
Planta Med 1997 Oct;63(5):465-6.
Oral administration of dry powder of Chlorella vulgaris showed clear prophylactic effects in ulcers. Chlorella may prevent ulcer formation mainly through the "immune-brain-gut" axis and protection of gastric mucosa by its own characteristics.
Bioregeneration with maltose excreting Chlorella: system concept, technological development, and experiments .
Wolf L
Adv Space Biol Med 1997;6:255-74
The European Space Agency in the Netherlands studied a small-scale bioregenerative system to support long-term biological experiments on-board spacecraft with oxygen, water and food. Core component of this system were a special photo-bioreactor in which a maltose-producing strain of the green micro alga Chlorella is cultivated.
Post-exposure radioprotection by Chlorella vulgaris (E-25) in mice.
Singh SP; Tiku AB; Kesavan PC
Indian J Exp Biol 1995 Aug;33(8):612-5
Oral administration of chlorella, 1 hr before or immediately after exposure to sublethal gamma-rays increased the number of endogenous spleen colony forming units. The magnitude of radioprotection was dependent on both, the dose of chlorella fed and the time of administration. An optimal result was observed when 500 mg/kg body wt. of C. vulgaris was fed 1 hr before or immediately after irradiation.
Evaluation of radioprotective action of a mutant (E-25) form of Chlorella vulgaris in mice.
Sarma L; Tiku AB; Kesavan PC; Ogaki M
J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1993 Dec;34(4):277-84
Investigators examined the role of orally fed Chlorella vulgaris in modulating the gamma-ray induced chromosomal damage in whole-body irradiated mice. A significant protection from radiation was observed in both acute and chronic pretreatments.
Evaluation of radioprotective action of a mutant (E-25) form of Chlorella vulgaris in mice.
Sarma L; Tiku AB; Kesavan PC; Ogaki M
J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1993 DEC;34(4):277-84
The possible role of orally fed chlorella in modulating the gamma-ray induced chromosomal damage in whole-body irradiated mice was evaluated. Different doses of chlorella were administered either chronically (once, twice or thrice a day for 28 days) or as single acute doses before/after irradiation. A significant radiation protective effect was observed in both acute and chronic pretreatments, but only at doses above 400 mg/kg body weight.
Microalgae as food and supplement.
Kay RA
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991;30(6):555-73.
The microalgae Chlorella and the cyanobacteria Spirulina green blue algae, are being used as nutrient-dense foods and sources of fine chemicals. They have significant amounts of lipid, protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, and unique pigments. They may also have potent probiotic compounds that enhance health. Their historical and current use are reviewed in this article.
Effect of chlorella on rats with iron deficient anemia.
Matsuura E; Nemoto T; Hozumi H, et al
Kitasato Arch Exp Med 1991 DEC;64(4):193-204
In order to determine effects of iron deficiency on the living body, rats were given the iron deficient diet, the complete diet added with iron, the diet added with 1% chlorella, the diet added with 5% chlorella, or the diet added with 10% chlorella. For the first 30 days, rats of all groups were given the iron deficiency diet to make them iron deficient, and were subsequently given the respective diet during the next 30 days to observe various changes in the conditions of rats. Following results were obtained. Rats with some chlorella fed with the diets containing certain amounts of iron rapidly recovered.
Enhanced resistance against Escherichia coli infection by subcutaneous administration of the hot-water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.
Konishi F; Tanaka K; Kumamoto S, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990;32(1):1-7
The effects of chlorella vulgaris on the recovery of leukocyte number and the increase of resistance to bacterial infection were examined in mice made white cell deficient by cyclophosphamide, an chemotherapy agent. They were given chlorella (50 mg/kg) subcutaneously under the skin, every other day from day 1 to day 13 after cyclophosphamide treatment. Chlorella accelerated the recovery of white blood cells in the mice. The number of pro white blood cells in the spleen increased rapidly and highly after the administration of chlorella. Mice given chlorella showed an enhanced resistance against E. coli infection, irrespective of the timing of challenge. The bacterial number in cyclophophamide treated mice increased explosively after inoculation, resulting in death within 24 h. A progressive elimination of bacteria was observed from 6 h in the peritoneal cavity, spleen and liver of cyclophosphamide-treated mice given chlorella. These results indicate that chlorella can be used as a potent stimulant of nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic mice.
Effect of Chlorella vulgaris extracts on murine cytomegalovirus infections.
Ibusuki K; Minamishima Y
Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul 1990;9(2):121-8
The host-mediated antiviral effect of chlorella was evaluated in mice against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Mice treated with 10 mg of chlorella days 3 and 1 before virus challenge survived lethal infection. The protective effect of chlorella was shown by a decrease in the infectious viruses replicated in the target organs of chlorella-treated mice. Chlorella also protected mice from pathological damage to the target organs due to MCMV infection.
The radioprotective effects of aqueous extract from chlorococcal freshwater algae (Chlorella kessleri) in mice and rats.
Rotkovska D; Vacek A; Bartonickova A
Strahlenther Onkol 1989 Nov;165(11):813-6
In experiments on mice and rats, the effect was studied of a single administration of chlorella growth. After injection of this substance the number of haemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and spleen of mice (CFUs) increased, as did their survival after irradiation. Irradiation with a lethal dose of gamma rays 24 hours after the injection of Ivastimul is survived by a larger number of treated mice and rats than untreated ones. On the first day after the administration Ivastimul protects mice against brief and prolonged action of irradiation. The protective effect of Ivastimul was observed after intraperitoneal, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.
Effect of dried, powdered Chlorella vulgaris on experimental atherosclerosis and alimentary hypercholesterolemia in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Sano T; Tanaka Y
Artery 1987;14(2):76-84
The anti-lipidemic action and anti-atherosclerotic action of dried, powdered chlorella was investigated using male Japanese White rabbits. A ten-week load of high-cholesterol diet remarkably increased serum total cholesterol and the beta-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum, causing aortic atheromatous lesion. In the Chlorella group which was administered a high-cholesterol diet containing 1% powdered chlorella, increase of total and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol level was suppressed. Further, the development of aortic atheromatous lesions was significantly inhibited. Clofibrate used as positive control in this experiment, did not show any inhibitory effect, either on the increase in serum lipid level or on the development of aortic atheromatous lesion.
Protective effect of Chlorella on the hepatic damage induced by ethionine in rats.
Wang LF; Lin JK; Tung YC
Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1979 DEC;78(12):1010-9
Chlorella Growth Factor
Effect of hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris on cytokine expression patterns in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after infection with Listeria monocytogenes .
Hasegawa T, Kimura Y, Hiromatsu K, et al
Immunopharmacology. 1997 Jan;35(3):273-82
Oral administration of chlorella growth factor enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes through an increase of Listeria-specific cell-mediated immunity in normal mice and mice with mice AIDS. To uncover the mechanisms whereby chlorella increases the cell-mediated immunity, we examined the expression patterns of mRNA for cytokines in normal and MAIDS mice given CVE orally after L. monocytogenes infection. The expression levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-12, GM-CSF, MIP and TNF alpha genes were significantly augmented in the peritoneal cells by oral administration of chlorella for 2 weeks before Listeria infection. In mice infected with AIDS, oral administration of chlorella also increased the expression of gamma IFN and IL-12 mRNA in the spleen after Listeria infection, while it rather reduced the expression of IL-10 mRNA. These results suggest that chlorella may preferentially augment THI responses against Listeria via activation of macrophages to produce IL-12 and enhance host defense against Listeria infection both in normal and MAIDS mice.
Inhibitory effects of sterols isolated from Chlorella vulgaris on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin.
Yasukawa K; Akihisa T; Kanno H, et al
Biol Pharm Bull 1996 Apr;19(4):573-6
Inhibitory activity against cancer induced inflammation in mice was observed in the extract of chlorella that has chlorella growth factor.
Hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris reduce opportunistic infection with Listeria monocytogenes in C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses.
Hasegawa T; Okuda M; Makino M, et al
Int J Immunopharmacol 1995 Jun;17(6):505-12
The bacterial elimination after infection with Listeria monocytogenes was impaired in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Oral administration of chlorella growth factor restored the capacity of mice with AIDS mice to eliminate L. monocytogenes. Chlorella appears to be effective in the treatment of opportunistic infection in retrovirus-induced immunodeficient patients.
Augmentation of the resistance against Escherichia coli by oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in rats.
Hasegawa T; Tanaka K; Ueno K, et al
Int J Immunopharmacol 1989;11(8):971-6
In previous studies, we demonstrated that chlorella growth factor improved the resistance against an intraperitoneal infection with Escherichia coli by its intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous administration. The improved resistance appeared to be attributable to the enhanced activity of white blood cells. In this study, the effect of oral administration of chlorella against Escherichia coli infection was examined. Male rats were administered 1000 mg/kg of chlorella orally for 14 days and challenged with 2.7 x 10(8) Escherichia coli intraperitoneally. The numbers of living bacteria in the peritoneal cavity, blood, spleen and liver at 1, 6, and 24 h after the inoculation were counted. The bacterial numbers increased during 1-6 h and reached the peak at 6 h in both control and chlorella administered groups. The bacterial numbers decreased to an undetectable level at 24 h in both groups. In a chlorella administered group, the numbers of viable bacteria in each organ were remarkably lower than those in a control group in all organs so far tested. These results form the basis for the judgment that the degree of effectiveness of bacteria clearance from the peritoneal cavity shown by oral chlorella administration may be strong enough to warrant developing this material as a new type of biological response modifier.
Augmentation of host defense by a unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, to Escherichia coli infection.
Tanaka K; Koga T; Konishi F
Infect Immun 1986 Aug;53(2):267-71
Protection against Escherichia coli inoculated intraperitoneally into mice was enhanced by intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration of chlorella growth factor. The enhancing effect was detected with doses over 2.0 mg/kg and when doses were administered 1, 4, or 7 days before the infection. The elimination of bacteria from the spleen of chlorella growth factor treated mice was increased, and this enhanced elimination may have been related to the acceleration of superoxide generation and chemokinesis in polymorphonuclear leucocytes by chlorella growth factor treatment.
Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): resistance to Meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Konishi F; Tanaka K; Himeno K, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985;19(2):73-8
When chlorella growth factor was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with tumor cells, the survival times were strikingly prolonged. Furthermore, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) rich in white blood cells obtained from normal mice 24 h after chlorella growth factor injection exhibited an antitumor effect in a assay using normal recipients. It was suggested that chlorella growth factor induced PEC, presumably white blood cell, expressed an antitumor effect in cooperation with a host- or recipient-derived element(s) sensitive to irradiation. The antitumor mechanism of chlorella growth factor may be one of the biological response modifiers.
Augmentation of antitumor resistance by a strain of unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris.
Tanaka K; Konishi F; Himeno K, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1984;17(2):90-4
Growth of tumor in mice was inhibited significantly by injection of chlorella growth factor into the tumor or into the subcutaneous tissue near the tumor. The augmentation of resistance by chlorella growth factor may require the participation of T cells and macrophages, since it was abolished or reduced in athymic nude mice or mice treated with carrageenan, a macrophage blocker. Mice treated with chlorella growth factor exhibited antigen-specific augmented resistance against rechallenge with tumor.
Anti Cancer
A water-soluble antitumor glycoprotein from Chlorella vulgaris.
Noda K; Ohno N; Tanaka K, et al
Planta Med 1996 Oct;62(5):423-6
An active substance with antitumor activity (ARS2) was purified from the culture media of Chlorella vulgaris and found to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 63,100 amu, as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. ARS2 contains 66.9% carbohydrate, mainly D-galactose, and 35.2% protein. The carbohydrate moiety has a beta-1,6-D-galactopyranose backbone, as determined by methylation analysis and 13C-NMR. Apparently, the protein moiety, whose 15 amino acid sequence at the NH2-terminus, we determined as DVGEAFPTVVDALVA, is necessary for the antitumor activity, as assessed by hydrazinolysis, periodate oxidation, and proteolysis.
Protective effect of an acidic glycoprotein obtained from culture of Chlorella vulgaris against myelosuppression by 5-fluorouracil.
Konishi F; Mitsuyama M; Okuda M, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1996 Jun;42(5):268-74
A protein prepared from a culture of chlorella was examined for its protective effect on chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression and infections in mice. Subcutaneous administration of chlorella greatly reduced the mortality of non-tumor-bearing mice given a high dose of chemotherapy agent 5FU, and could increase the LD50 value of 5FU for these mice. After 5FU treatment, infections developed probably as a result of the impairment of the host defense system. Chlorella reduced the incidence of infections and this effect was attributable to the acceleration of recovery from 5FU-induced bone marrow suppression. When tumor-bearing mice were given chlorella during treatment with 5FU, chlorella prolonged the survival of mice without affecting the antitumor activity of 5FU. In addition, chlorella was itself shown to exert an antitumor effect. These results suggested that chlorella may be beneficial for the reduction of side-effects in cancer chemotherapy without affecting the antitumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agent.
Oral administration of Chlorella vulgaris augments concomitant antitumor immunity.
Tanaka K; Tomita Y; Tsuruta M, et al
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1990;12(2):277-91
Chlorella or chlorella factor extract were administered orally to tumor bearing mice. When two mice were fed daily with 10% dried powder of chlorella containing diet before and after tumor inoculation, the growth of rechallenged tumor was significantly suppressed in an antigen-specific manner.
Inhibitory effects of sterols isolated from Chlorella vulgaris on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin.
Yasukawa K; Akihisa T; Kanno H, et al
Biol Pharm Bull 1996 APR;19(4):573-6
Inhibitory activity against cancer induced inflammation in mice was observed in the extract of chlorella that has chlorella growth factor.
Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): resistance to Meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Konishi F; Tanaka K; Himeno K, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985;19(2):73-8
When chlorella growth factor was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with tumor cells, the survival times were strikingly prolonged. Furthermore, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) rich in white blood cells obtained from normal mice 24 h after chlorella growth factor injection exhibited an antitumor effect in a assay using normal recipients. It was suggested that chlorella growth factor induced PEC, presumably white blood cell, expressed an antitumor effect in cooperation with a host- or recipient-derived element(s) sensitive to irradiation. The antitumor mechanism of chlorella growth factor may be one of the biological response modifiers.
Isolation, characterization and structural determination of a unique type of arabinogalactan from an immunostimulatory extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Carbohydr Res. 2005 Jun 13;340(8):1489-98. Suarez ER, Kralovec JA, Noseda MD, Ewart HS, Barrow CJ, Lumsden MD, Grindley TB.
Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Planta Med. 2001 Nov;67(8):737-42. Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly HN, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS.
An aqueous Chlorella extract inhibits IL-5 production by mast cells in vitro and reduces ovalbumin-induced eosinophil infiltration in the airway in mice in vivo.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2005 Apr;5(4):689-98. Kralovec JA, Power MR, Liu F, Maydanski E, Ewart HS, Watson LV, Barrow CJ, Lin TJ.
A hot water extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa reduces body weight and serum lipids in ovariectomized rats.
Phytother Res. 2004 Feb;18(2):164-8. Hidaka S, Okamoto Y, Arita M.
DNA mismatch binding activities in Chlorella pyrenoidosa extracts and affinity isolation of G-T mismatch binding proteins.
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2005 Apr;43(4):309-13. Epub 2005 Mar 17. Hsu T, Chang KN, Lai YS, Jung TY, Lee GI.
Possible involvement of a 72-kDa polypeptide in nucleotide excision repair of Chlorella pyrenoidosa identified by affinity adsorption and repair synthesis assay.
Plant Sci. 2000 Jul 14;156(1):95-102. Hsu T, Sheu R, Lai Y.
Safety and immunoenhancing effect of a Chlorella-derived dietary supplement in healthy adults undergoing influenza vaccination: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
CMAJ July 22, 2003; 169 (2):111-117 Scott A. Halperin, Bruce Smith, Coleen Nolan, Janet Shay, Jaroslav Kralovec
Performance of different microalgael species in removing nickel and zinc from industrial wastewater.
Chong AM, Wong YS
Tam Chemosphere. 2000 Jul;41(1-2):251-7
Experiments were conducted to compare the ability of 11 microgaeal species in removing nickel and zinc from waste water and found them to be very effective.
Nutritional supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study.
Merchant RE; Carmack CA; Wise CM
Departments of Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA. rmerchan@hsc.vcu.edu
Phytother Res 2000 May;14(3):167-73
Each day for 2 months 20 participants consumed 10 grams (10,000 mg) of chlorella. Any amelioration of symptoms was validated and quantified using semi-objective and subjective outcome measures systematically administered at clinic visits on days 0, 30 and 60 of the diet therapy. Eighteen of the 20 patients enrolled completed the 2 month trial. After two months the average pain decrease was 22%.This decrease was statistically significant. Blood samples taken on each occasion indicated no significant alterations in serum chemistries, formed elements, and circulating lymphocyte subsets.
Inhibitory potential of Chlorella vulgaris on mouse skin papillomagenesis and xenobiotic detoxication system.
Singh A; Singh SP; Bamezai R
Anticancer Res 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):1887-91
The present study assesses the potential of Chlorella vulgaris on mouse skin cancers, and the role of xenobiotic detoxication system in modulating the cancer pattern. Topical application of chlorella during peri-, post- or peri- and post-initiational stages of cancer induction agents, significantly reduced the cancers. Chlorella treatment alone or during peri-, post- or peri- and post-initiational stages significantly elevated the sulfhydryl (-SH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels in the liver and skin tissues. The results suggest that topically applied chlorella can prevent skin cancers. The possible significance of xenobiotic detoxication system in modulating the cancer pattern is discussed.
Oral administration of a unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris, prevents stress-induced ulcer.
Tanaka K, Yamada A, Noda K, et al
Planta Med 1997 Oct;63(5):465-6.
Oral administration of dry powder of Chlorella vulgaris showed clear prophylactic effects in ulcers. Chlorella may prevent ulcer formation mainly through the "immune-brain-gut" axis and protection of gastric mucosa by its own characteristics.
Bioregeneration with maltose excreting Chlorella: system concept, technological development, and experiments .
Wolf L
Adv Space Biol Med 1997;6:255-74
The European Space Agency in the Netherlands studied a small-scale bioregenerative system to support long-term biological experiments on-board spacecraft with oxygen, water and food. Core component of this system were a special photo-bioreactor in which a maltose-producing strain of the green micro alga Chlorella is cultivated.
Post-exposure radioprotection by Chlorella vulgaris (E-25) in mice.
Singh SP; Tiku AB; Kesavan PC
Indian J Exp Biol 1995 Aug;33(8):612-5
Oral administration of chlorella, 1 hr before or immediately after exposure to sublethal gamma-rays increased the number of endogenous spleen colony forming units. The magnitude of radioprotection was dependent on both, the dose of chlorella fed and the time of administration. An optimal result was observed when 500 mg/kg body wt. of C. vulgaris was fed 1 hr before or immediately after irradiation.
Evaluation of radioprotective action of a mutant (E-25) form of Chlorella vulgaris in mice.
Sarma L; Tiku AB; Kesavan PC; Ogaki M
J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1993 Dec;34(4):277-84
Investigators examined the role of orally fed Chlorella vulgaris in modulating the gamma-ray induced chromosomal damage in whole-body irradiated mice. A significant protection from radiation was observed in both acute and chronic pretreatments.
Evaluation of radioprotective action of a mutant (E-25) form of Chlorella vulgaris in mice.
Sarma L; Tiku AB; Kesavan PC; Ogaki M
J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1993 DEC;34(4):277-84
The possible role of orally fed chlorella in modulating the gamma-ray induced chromosomal damage in whole-body irradiated mice was evaluated. Different doses of chlorella were administered either chronically (once, twice or thrice a day for 28 days) or as single acute doses before/after irradiation. A significant radiation protective effect was observed in both acute and chronic pretreatments, but only at doses above 400 mg/kg body weight.
Microalgae as food and supplement.
Kay RA
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991;30(6):555-73.
The microalgae Chlorella and the cyanobacteria Spirulina green blue algae, are being used as nutrient-dense foods and sources of fine chemicals. They have significant amounts of lipid, protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, and unique pigments. They may also have potent probiotic compounds that enhance health. Their historical and current use are reviewed in this article.
Effect of chlorella on rats with iron deficient anemia.
Matsuura E; Nemoto T; Hozumi H, et al
Kitasato Arch Exp Med 1991 DEC;64(4):193-204
In order to determine effects of iron deficiency on the living body, rats were given the iron deficient diet, the complete diet added with iron, the diet added with 1% chlorella, the diet added with 5% chlorella, or the diet added with 10% chlorella. For the first 30 days, rats of all groups were given the iron deficiency diet to make them iron deficient, and were subsequently given the respective diet during the next 30 days to observe various changes in the conditions of rats. Following results were obtained. Rats with some chlorella fed with the diets containing certain amounts of iron rapidly recovered.
Enhanced resistance against Escherichia coli infection by subcutaneous administration of the hot-water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.
Konishi F; Tanaka K; Kumamoto S, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990;32(1):1-7
The effects of chlorella vulgaris on the recovery of leukocyte number and the increase of resistance to bacterial infection were examined in mice made white cell deficient by cyclophosphamide, an chemotherapy agent. They were given chlorella (50 mg/kg) subcutaneously under the skin, every other day from day 1 to day 13 after cyclophosphamide treatment. Chlorella accelerated the recovery of white blood cells in the mice. The number of pro white blood cells in the spleen increased rapidly and highly after the administration of chlorella. Mice given chlorella showed an enhanced resistance against E. coli infection, irrespective of the timing of challenge. The bacterial number in cyclophophamide treated mice increased explosively after inoculation, resulting in death within 24 h. A progressive elimination of bacteria was observed from 6 h in the peritoneal cavity, spleen and liver of cyclophosphamide-treated mice given chlorella. These results indicate that chlorella can be used as a potent stimulant of nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic mice.
Effect of Chlorella vulgaris extracts on murine cytomegalovirus infections.
Ibusuki K; Minamishima Y
Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul 1990;9(2):121-8
The host-mediated antiviral effect of chlorella was evaluated in mice against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Mice treated with 10 mg of chlorella days 3 and 1 before virus challenge survived lethal infection. The protective effect of chlorella was shown by a decrease in the infectious viruses replicated in the target organs of chlorella-treated mice. Chlorella also protected mice from pathological damage to the target organs due to MCMV infection.
The radioprotective effects of aqueous extract from chlorococcal freshwater algae (Chlorella kessleri) in mice and rats.
Rotkovska D; Vacek A; Bartonickova A
Strahlenther Onkol 1989 Nov;165(11):813-6
In experiments on mice and rats, the effect was studied of a single administration of chlorella growth. After injection of this substance the number of haemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and spleen of mice (CFUs) increased, as did their survival after irradiation. Irradiation with a lethal dose of gamma rays 24 hours after the injection of Ivastimul is survived by a larger number of treated mice and rats than untreated ones. On the first day after the administration Ivastimul protects mice against brief and prolonged action of irradiation. The protective effect of Ivastimul was observed after intraperitoneal, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.
Effect of dried, powdered Chlorella vulgaris on experimental atherosclerosis and alimentary hypercholesterolemia in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Sano T; Tanaka Y
Artery 1987;14(2):76-84
The anti-lipidemic action and anti-atherosclerotic action of dried, powdered chlorella was investigated using male Japanese White rabbits. A ten-week load of high-cholesterol diet remarkably increased serum total cholesterol and the beta-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum, causing aortic atheromatous lesion. In the Chlorella group which was administered a high-cholesterol diet containing 1% powdered chlorella, increase of total and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol level was suppressed. Further, the development of aortic atheromatous lesions was significantly inhibited. Clofibrate used as positive control in this experiment, did not show any inhibitory effect, either on the increase in serum lipid level or on the development of aortic atheromatous lesion.
Protective effect of Chlorella on the hepatic damage induced by ethionine in rats.
Wang LF; Lin JK; Tung YC
Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1979 DEC;78(12):1010-9
Chlorella Growth Factor
Effect of hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris on cytokine expression patterns in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after infection with Listeria monocytogenes .
Hasegawa T, Kimura Y, Hiromatsu K, et al
Immunopharmacology. 1997 Jan;35(3):273-82
Oral administration of chlorella growth factor enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes through an increase of Listeria-specific cell-mediated immunity in normal mice and mice with mice AIDS. To uncover the mechanisms whereby chlorella increases the cell-mediated immunity, we examined the expression patterns of mRNA for cytokines in normal and MAIDS mice given CVE orally after L. monocytogenes infection. The expression levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-12, GM-CSF, MIP and TNF alpha genes were significantly augmented in the peritoneal cells by oral administration of chlorella for 2 weeks before Listeria infection. In mice infected with AIDS, oral administration of chlorella also increased the expression of gamma IFN and IL-12 mRNA in the spleen after Listeria infection, while it rather reduced the expression of IL-10 mRNA. These results suggest that chlorella may preferentially augment THI responses against Listeria via activation of macrophages to produce IL-12 and enhance host defense against Listeria infection both in normal and MAIDS mice.
Inhibitory effects of sterols isolated from Chlorella vulgaris on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin.
Yasukawa K; Akihisa T; Kanno H, et al
Biol Pharm Bull 1996 Apr;19(4):573-6
Inhibitory activity against cancer induced inflammation in mice was observed in the extract of chlorella that has chlorella growth factor.
Hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris reduce opportunistic infection with Listeria monocytogenes in C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses.
Hasegawa T; Okuda M; Makino M, et al
Int J Immunopharmacol 1995 Jun;17(6):505-12
The bacterial elimination after infection with Listeria monocytogenes was impaired in mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Oral administration of chlorella growth factor restored the capacity of mice with AIDS mice to eliminate L. monocytogenes. Chlorella appears to be effective in the treatment of opportunistic infection in retrovirus-induced immunodeficient patients.
Augmentation of the resistance against Escherichia coli by oral administration of a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris in rats.
Hasegawa T; Tanaka K; Ueno K, et al
Int J Immunopharmacol 1989;11(8):971-6
In previous studies, we demonstrated that chlorella growth factor improved the resistance against an intraperitoneal infection with Escherichia coli by its intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous administration. The improved resistance appeared to be attributable to the enhanced activity of white blood cells. In this study, the effect of oral administration of chlorella against Escherichia coli infection was examined. Male rats were administered 1000 mg/kg of chlorella orally for 14 days and challenged with 2.7 x 10(8) Escherichia coli intraperitoneally. The numbers of living bacteria in the peritoneal cavity, blood, spleen and liver at 1, 6, and 24 h after the inoculation were counted. The bacterial numbers increased during 1-6 h and reached the peak at 6 h in both control and chlorella administered groups. The bacterial numbers decreased to an undetectable level at 24 h in both groups. In a chlorella administered group, the numbers of viable bacteria in each organ were remarkably lower than those in a control group in all organs so far tested. These results form the basis for the judgment that the degree of effectiveness of bacteria clearance from the peritoneal cavity shown by oral chlorella administration may be strong enough to warrant developing this material as a new type of biological response modifier.
Augmentation of host defense by a unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, to Escherichia coli infection.
Tanaka K; Koga T; Konishi F
Infect Immun 1986 Aug;53(2):267-71
Protection against Escherichia coli inoculated intraperitoneally into mice was enhanced by intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration of chlorella growth factor. The enhancing effect was detected with doses over 2.0 mg/kg and when doses were administered 1, 4, or 7 days before the infection. The elimination of bacteria from the spleen of chlorella growth factor treated mice was increased, and this enhanced elimination may have been related to the acceleration of superoxide generation and chemokinesis in polymorphonuclear leucocytes by chlorella growth factor treatment.
Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): resistance to Meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Konishi F; Tanaka K; Himeno K, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985;19(2):73-8
When chlorella growth factor was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with tumor cells, the survival times were strikingly prolonged. Furthermore, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) rich in white blood cells obtained from normal mice 24 h after chlorella growth factor injection exhibited an antitumor effect in a assay using normal recipients. It was suggested that chlorella growth factor induced PEC, presumably white blood cell, expressed an antitumor effect in cooperation with a host- or recipient-derived element(s) sensitive to irradiation. The antitumor mechanism of chlorella growth factor may be one of the biological response modifiers.
Augmentation of antitumor resistance by a strain of unicellular green algae, Chlorella vulgaris.
Tanaka K; Konishi F; Himeno K, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1984;17(2):90-4
Growth of tumor in mice was inhibited significantly by injection of chlorella growth factor into the tumor or into the subcutaneous tissue near the tumor. The augmentation of resistance by chlorella growth factor may require the participation of T cells and macrophages, since it was abolished or reduced in athymic nude mice or mice treated with carrageenan, a macrophage blocker. Mice treated with chlorella growth factor exhibited antigen-specific augmented resistance against rechallenge with tumor.
Anti Cancer
A water-soluble antitumor glycoprotein from Chlorella vulgaris.
Noda K; Ohno N; Tanaka K, et al
Planta Med 1996 Oct;62(5):423-6
An active substance with antitumor activity (ARS2) was purified from the culture media of Chlorella vulgaris and found to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 63,100 amu, as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. ARS2 contains 66.9% carbohydrate, mainly D-galactose, and 35.2% protein. The carbohydrate moiety has a beta-1,6-D-galactopyranose backbone, as determined by methylation analysis and 13C-NMR. Apparently, the protein moiety, whose 15 amino acid sequence at the NH2-terminus, we determined as DVGEAFPTVVDALVA, is necessary for the antitumor activity, as assessed by hydrazinolysis, periodate oxidation, and proteolysis.
Protective effect of an acidic glycoprotein obtained from culture of Chlorella vulgaris against myelosuppression by 5-fluorouracil.
Konishi F; Mitsuyama M; Okuda M, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1996 Jun;42(5):268-74
A protein prepared from a culture of chlorella was examined for its protective effect on chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression and infections in mice. Subcutaneous administration of chlorella greatly reduced the mortality of non-tumor-bearing mice given a high dose of chemotherapy agent 5FU, and could increase the LD50 value of 5FU for these mice. After 5FU treatment, infections developed probably as a result of the impairment of the host defense system. Chlorella reduced the incidence of infections and this effect was attributable to the acceleration of recovery from 5FU-induced bone marrow suppression. When tumor-bearing mice were given chlorella during treatment with 5FU, chlorella prolonged the survival of mice without affecting the antitumor activity of 5FU. In addition, chlorella was itself shown to exert an antitumor effect. These results suggested that chlorella may be beneficial for the reduction of side-effects in cancer chemotherapy without affecting the antitumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agent.
Oral administration of Chlorella vulgaris augments concomitant antitumor immunity.
Tanaka K; Tomita Y; Tsuruta M, et al
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1990;12(2):277-91
Chlorella or chlorella factor extract were administered orally to tumor bearing mice. When two mice were fed daily with 10% dried powder of chlorella containing diet before and after tumor inoculation, the growth of rechallenged tumor was significantly suppressed in an antigen-specific manner.
Inhibitory effects of sterols isolated from Chlorella vulgaris on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin.
Yasukawa K; Akihisa T; Kanno H, et al
Biol Pharm Bull 1996 APR;19(4):573-6
Inhibitory activity against cancer induced inflammation in mice was observed in the extract of chlorella that has chlorella growth factor.
Antitumor effect induced by a hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CE): resistance to Meth-A tumor growth mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Konishi F; Tanaka K; Himeno K, et al
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985;19(2):73-8
When chlorella growth factor was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with tumor cells, the survival times were strikingly prolonged. Furthermore, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) rich in white blood cells obtained from normal mice 24 h after chlorella growth factor injection exhibited an antitumor effect in a assay using normal recipients. It was suggested that chlorella growth factor induced PEC, presumably white blood cell, expressed an antitumor effect in cooperation with a host- or recipient-derived element(s) sensitive to irradiation. The antitumor mechanism of chlorella growth factor may be one of the biological response modifiers.
Chlorella references ....... contd
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